The Price of Emissions
how Carbon Taxation can balance Economy and Environment?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46801/2595-6280.59.13.2025.2706Keywords:
carbon taxation, climate policy, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental regulationAbstract
Carbon taxation is a key instrument for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions without compromising business competitiveness. This study analyzes pricing models such as direct taxation, fossil fuel taxes, and hybrid mechanisms successfully adopted in countries like Sweden, France, and Canada. The European Union strengthened its Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to ensure equivalent costs for imported products. In Latin America, Mexico, Colombia, and Chile have implemented carbon taxes with strategic exemptions. Brazil, through Constitutional Amendment 132/2023 and Complementary Law 214/2025, introduced new carbon taxes but without explicit linkage to climate policies. Despite being a step forward, the Brazilian model still requires adjustments to maximize its effectiveness. The study concludes that implementing environmental taxes should balance fiscal efficiency, social justice, and economic sustainability, ensuring long-term positive impacts.
References
ABBASI, Sina; ERDEBILLI, Babek. Green closed-loop supply chain networks’ response to various carbon policies during COVID-19. Sustainability, v. 15, n. 4: 3677, 2023.
AHMAD, Muhammad; LI, Xiaofei; WU, Qingwen. Carbon taxes and emission trading systems: which one is more effective in reducing carbon emissions?—a meta-analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 2024, n. 3, p. 1-20, 2024.
ANDERSON, Robert M.; DUANMU, Haosui. Cap-and-Trade and Carbon Tax Meet Arrow-Debreu, 2025. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4586000 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4586000. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025.
ANDERSONN, Julius J. Carbon taxes and CO2 emissions: Sweden as a case study. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, v.11, n.4, p. 1-30, 2019
AYODEL, Freida O.; MUSTAPA, Siti I.; AYODEL, Bamidele V. The potential of renewable energy green financing through carbon taxation to achieve net-zero emissions target." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, v. 13, n.6, p 388-396, 2023.
BARANZINI, Andrea; CALLEDA, José; CARATTINI, Stefano; KELLER, Andreas; ORTIZ, Raphael; WAGNER, Fabian. Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations. WIREs Climate Change, v. 8, n. 4: e462, 2017. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.462. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2025.
BERTOLDI, Paolo. Policies for energy conservation and sufficiency: Review of existing policies and recommendations for new and effective policies in OECD countries. Energy and Buildings, v. 264: 112075, 2022 Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778822002468. . Acesso em 11 jan. 2025
BILLET, Phillip; DUFAL, Rémy. Chronique de fiscalité française de l'environnement: Tour d'horizon des principales évolutions législatives des cinq dernières années. Revue juridique de l'environnement., v. 47, n. 2, p.369-387, 2022.
BLACK, Simon; PARRY, Ian; ZHNUSSOVA, Karlygash. Carbon Taxes or Emissions Trading Systems? Instrument Choice and Design. IMF Working Paper, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/journals/066/2022/006/066.2022.issue-006-en.pdf. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2025.
BOLAT, C. Kaan; SOYTAS, Ugur; AKINOGLU, Bulent; NAZLIOGLU, Saban. Is there a macroeconomic carbon rebound effect in EU ETS? Energy Economics, v. 125: 106879, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988323003778. . Acesso em 11 jan. 2025
BOROZAN, Djula. Unveiling the heterogeneous effect of energy taxes and income on residential energy consumption. Energy Policy, v. 129, p. 13–22, 2019.
BOYCE, James; RIDDLE, Matthews. Cap and Dividend: A State-by-State Analysis. Amherst: Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts, 2007.
BRASIL. Lei Complementar 214/2015. Disponível em: https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/lcp/lcp214.htm. Acesso em 01 fev. 2025
BRETSCHGER, Lucas; GRIEG, Elise. Carbon taxes, CO2 emissions, and the economy: The effects of fuel taxation in the UK. Energy Policy, v. 195: 114359, 2024
CADAVID-GIRALDO, Nora; VELEZ-GALLEGO, Mario C.; RESTREPO-BOLAND, Alexandre. Carbon emissions reduction and financial effects of a cap and tax system on an operating supply chain in the cement sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 275: 122583, 2020
COSTE, Antoine; CALI, Massimiliano; CANTORE, Nicola; HEINE, Dirk. Staying competitive: Productivity effects of environmental taxes. In PIGATO, Mirian A. (ed). Fiscal policies for development and climate action. Washington, DC: World Bank, p.65-114, 2018.
CRIQUI, Patrick; JACCARD, Mark; STERNER, Thomas. Carbon Taxation: A Tale of Three Countries. Sustainability, v. 11, n. 22:6280, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/22/6280. Acesso em: 20 jan. 2025.
DAO, Isabelle; RONCALLI, Thierry; SEMET, Raphaël. An Introduction to Carbon Pricing: Carbon Tax, Cap & Trade, ETS and Internal Carbon Price, 29/8/ 2024. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4940475 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4940475. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025.
DISSOU, Yazid; EYLAND, Terry. Carbon control policies, competitiveness, and border tax adjustments. Energy Economics, v. 33, n. 3, p. 556-564, 2011.
DOTSON, Greg; MAGHAMFAR, Dustin J. The clean air act amendments of 2022: clean air, climate change, and the inflation reduction act. Env't Law Reporter, v. 53, n. 1, p. 10017-2035, 2023.
EBADIAN, Mohammad; VAN DYK, Sacha; McMILLAN, John D.; SADDLER, Jack. Biofuels policies that have encouraged their production and use: An international perspective. Energy Policy, v. 144, n. 1: 111682, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421520306182. Acesso em 21 jan. 2025.
ECONOMIDOU, M.; TODESCHI, V.; BERTOLDI, P.; D'AGOSTINO, D.; ZANGHERI, P.; CASTELLAZZI, L. Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy and Buildings, v. 225, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778820317229. Acesso em 15 jan. 2025.
FAIRBROTHER, Malcolm; SEVÄ, Ingemar J; KULIN, Joakim. Political trust and the relationship between climate change beliefs and support for fossil fuel taxes: Evidence from a survey of 23 European countries. Global Environmental Change, v.59: 102003, 2019.
FALCAO, Tatiana. Policy Note: Highlights of the United Nations Handbook on Carbon Taxation. Intertax, v. 49, n. 11, p. 897 – 914, 2021
FREMSTAD, Anders; PAUL, Mark. The impact of a carbon tax on inequality. Ecological Economics, v.163, p. 88-97, 2019
GERMAN, Laura A.; SCHONEVELD, George C. A review of social sustainability considerations among EU-approved voluntary schemes for biofuels, with implications for rural livelihoods. Energy Policy, v. 51, n. 1, p. 765-778, 2012.
GHAZOUANI, Assaad; XIA, WANJUN; Jebli, Mehdi B; SHAHZAD Umer. Exploring the Role of Carbon Taxation Policies on CO₂ Emissions: Contextual Evidence from Tax Implementation and Non-Implementation European Countries. Sustainability, v. 12, n. 20: 8680, 2020. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208680. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025
HÁJEK, Miroslav; ZIMMERMANNONVÁ, Jarmila; HELMAN, Karel; ROZENSKÝ, Ladislav. Analysis of carbon tax efficiency in energy industries of selected EU countries. Energy Policy, v. 134: 110955, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421519305427. Acesso em 15 jan. 2025
HARRISON, Kathryn. The comparative politics of carbon taxation.Annual Review of Law and Social Science, v. 6, n.1, p. 507-529, 2010.
HOEL, Michael. Should a carbon tax be differentiated across sectors? Journal of Public Economics, v. 59, n. 1, p. 17-32, 1996.
INOUE, Nozomu; MATSUMOTO, Shigeru; MORITA, Minoru. Inequalities in the Impact of the Carbon Tax in Japan. In: ARIMURA, Toshi H., MATSUMOTO, Shigeru (eds). Carbon Pricing in Japan. Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific. Singapore: Springer, p. 217-234, 2021
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO). Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), 2024. Disponível em: https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CORSIA/Pages/default.aspx [https://perma.cc/KBV2-STYA]. Acesso em 19 jan. 2025
JARAMILLO, Paulina; GRIFFIN, William M.; MATTHEWS, H. Scott. Comparative analysis of the production costs and life-cycle GHG emissions of FT liquid fuels from coal and natural gas. Environmental Science & Technology, v. 42, n. 20, p. 7559-7565, 2008
JONSSON, Samuel; YDSTEDT, Ander; ASEN, Elke. Looking Back on 30 Years of Carbon Taxes in Sweden. Fiscal Fact, v. 727, 2020. Looking Back on 30 Years of Carbon Taxes in Sweden. Fiscal Fact, 2020. Disponível em: https://files.taxfoundation.org/20200922135639/Looking-Back-on-30-Years-of-Carbon-Taxes-in-Sweden.pdf. Acesso em 30 jan 2025
KREIBICH, Nicolas; HERMWILLI, Lukas. Caught in between: credibility and feasibility of the voluntary carbon market post-2020. Climate Policy, v. 21, n. 7, p. 939-957, 2021
LAMB, Willaim F.; ANTAL, Miklós; BOHNENBERGER, Katharina; BRAND-CORREA,Lina I.; MÜLLER-HANSEN, Finn; JAKOV, Michael; MINX, Jan C.; RAISER, Kilian; WILLIAMS, Laurence; SOVACOOL, Benjamin K. What are the social outcomes of climate policies? A systematic map and review of the ex-post literature. Environmental Research Letters, v. 15, n. 1: 113006, 2020. Disponível em: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abc11f/pdf. Acesso em 15 jan. 2025
LIANG, Qiao-Mei; FAN, Ying; WEI; Yi-Ming. Carbon taxation policy in China: How to protect energy-and trade-intensive sectors?.Journal of Policy Modeling, v. 29, n.2, p. 311-333, 2007.
LIN, Boqiang; LI, Xuehui. The effect of carbon tax on per capita CO2 emissions." Energy policy, v. 39, n.9, p. 5137-5146, 2011.
LUCAS JR, Gary M. Behavioral public choice and the carbon tax. Utah Law Review, v. 2017, n. 1, p. 115-158, 2017.
MacDONALD, Jake; PARRY, Ian. Carbon taxation and aviation: policy considerations. Washington, D.C.: World Bak Policy Research Working Paper, 2024. Disponível em: https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2024/01/000123456789.pdf. Acesso em: 20 jan 2025.
MANN, Roberta. To Tax or Not to Tax Carbon—Is That the Question?. Natural Resources & Environment, v. 24, n.1, p. 44-46, 2009.
MARRON, Donald B.; TODER, Eric J.; AUSTIN, Lydia. Taxing carbon: what, why, and how, 2015. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2625084. Acesso 1m 15 jan. 2025
MARTEN, Melanie; VAN DENDER, Kurt. The use of revenues from carbon pricing. OECD Tax Policy Studies, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.sipotra.it/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/The-use-of-revenues-from-carbon-pricing.pdf. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025
MARTIN, Jonas; DIMANCHEV, Emil; NEUMANN, Anne. Carbon abatement costs for renewable fuels in hard-to-abate transport sectors. Advances in Applied Energy, v. 12: 100156, 2023.
MEHLING, Michael A.; METCALF, Gilbert E.; STAVINS, Robert N. Linking Heterogeneous Climate Policies (Consistent with the Paris Agreement). Cambridge: MIT, 2017.
METCALF, Gilbert E. Carbon Taxes in Theory and Practice. Annual Review of Resource Economics, v. 13, p. 245-265, 2021.
METCALF, Gilbert E.; WEISBACH, David. The design of a carbon tax. Harvard. Environmental. Law Review, v. 33, n. 2p. 499, 2009. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=1324854. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025
NARASSIMBAN, Eswaran; Gallagher, Kelly Sims; Koester, Stefan; Alejo, Julio R. Carbon pricing in practice: a review of the evidence. Climate Policy, v.18, n.8, p.1106-1132, 2018.
NONG, Dung; SIMGSHAUSER, Paul NGUYEN, Duy B. Greenhouse gas emissions vs CO2 emissions: Comparative analysis of a global carbon tax. Applied Energy, v. 2021, n. 292, p. 1-15, 2021.
PALTSEV, Sergey; ZHANG, Da. Natural gas pricing reform in China: Getting closer to a market system? Energy Policy, v. 86, p. 43-56, 2015
PRYOR, Joseph; AGNOLUCCI, Paolo; MONTES, Mariza; FISCHER, Carolyn; HEINE, Dirk. Carbon Pricing Around the World. IMF Working Paper. Disponível em: https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9798400217296/CH005.xml. Acesso em 5 frev. 2025
ROZENBERG, Julie; HALLEGATTE, Stéphane, PERRISIN-FABERT, Baptiste; HOURCADE, Jean Charles. Funding low-carbon investments in the absence of a carbon tax. Climate Policy, v. 13, n. 1, p.134-141, 2013.
SHAFIEI, Ehsan; DAVIDSDOTTIR, Brynhildur; STEFANSSON, Hlynur; ASGEIRSSON, Eyjolfur I.; FAZELI, Reza; GSTSSON, Marías H.; LEAVER, Jonathan Simulation-based appraisal of tax-induced electro-mobility promotion in Iceland and prospects for energy-economic development. Energy Policy, v. 129, p. 1390-1402, 2019.
SCHMIDT, Tobias S.; MATSUO, Takako; MICHAELOWA, Axel. Renewable energy policy as an enabler of fossil fuel subsidy reform? Applying a socio-technical perspective to the cases of South Africa and Tunisia. Global Environmental Change, v.44, n.1, p. 50-62, 2017.
STAVINS, Robert N. Carbon taxes vs. cap and trade: Theory and practice. Cambridge: Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, 2019
STREIMIKIENE, Dalia, SIKSNELYT, Indre; ZAVADSKA, Edmundas K.; CARVALHO, Fausto. The impact of greening tax systems on sustainable energy development in the Baltic States. Energies, v. 11, n. 5: 1193, 2018; Disponível em: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1193/pdf. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025
TIMILSINA, Govinda R. Carbon taxes. Journal of Economic Literature, v. 60, n.4, p.1456-1502, 2022.
TURNER, Karen; ALABI, Oluwafisayo; KATRIS, Alabi. Labour market responses, competitiveness impacts, and revenue recycling in broad carbon taxation in the UK. Energy Economics, v. 116: 106393, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988322005229. Acesso em 11 jan. 2025
VENMANS, Frank; ELLIS, Jane; NACHTIGALL, Daniel. Carbon pricing and competitiveness: are they at odds?. Climate Policy, v. 20, n. 9, p. 1070-1091, 2020.
WWI, Yi-Ming; CHEN, Kaiyuan; KANG, Jia-Ning; CHEN, Weiming; WANG, Xiang-Yu; ZHANG, Xiaoye. Policy and management of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality: A literature review. Engineering, v. 14, p. 52-63, 2022.
WORLD BANK. State and Trends of Carbon Pricing, 2023. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10986/. Acesso em 20 jan. 2025.
.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 José Adércio Leite Sampaio
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
O autor (ou coautor) declara que o artigo submetido à avaliação, que segue em anexo, é de sua autoria, e inédito, comprometendo-se a não publicar este artigo em qualquer outro meio, impresso ou digital, mantendo a exclusividade para a Revista Direito Tributário Internacional Atual, cedendo, em caso de aprovação do trabalho, os direitos autorais à Revista para fins de publicação do trabalho nesta edição.
